Monthly Archives for August 2007

How to read the Old Testament: Wisdom from an old dude

In keeping with prior posts on hermeneutics (that is, how to read and actually understand the Bible in some reasonable fashion), more hermeneutics, discovering the nature of God, and too many posts to link to directed at shaking a bit of sense into mindless pop Christian culture, check out Ben Witherington, once again, as he provides a great post on how we should read the Old Testament in light of the New Testament.

The “old dude” I’m referring to is “Saint” John Chrysostom, one of the gems of the Early (4th Century) Church. We don’t hear too much from Chrysostom, and some may never of heard of him. It seems as though many people assume that there were no brilliant theological minds between the Apostle Paul and Martin Luther (or Calvin, for you Reformed folks). Born in 349, Chrysostom was actually a contemporary of Augustine, who was 5 years younger. Chrysostom became the Archbishop of Constantinople, while Augustine joined the Church in Italy after being converted in Milan. Of course, at that time there was still only one church, although Rome always seemed to always claim a higher status. While both men are considered saints in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, the West seemed to follow Augustine’s thinking, while Chrysostom seems to carry more clout in the East. But, enough history.

The point that Witherington & Chrysostom make concerning the reading of the Old Testament is that since the coming of the New Testament (basically, I think, the appearance of Jesus) the Old Testament must be read and interpreted in light of the New Testament. Here’s a quote that Mr. W quotes from Chrysostom:

Now when you see these things merely sketched out you neither know everything nor are you totally ignorant of everything, but you know that a man and a horse are drawn there, though they are indistinct. But you don’t accurately [or fully] know what sort of emperor or what sort of prisoner it is until the truth of the colors comes and makes the face distinct and clear. For just as you don’t ask everything of that image/portrait before the truth of the colors, but if you receive some indistinct knowledge of what is there, you consider the sketch to be sufficiently ready , in just that same way consider with me the Old and New Testaments , and don’t demand from me the whole fullness of the truth in the [OT] type…For as in the painting, until someone draws in colors it is a shadowy sketch.

Much weirdness comes from reading the Old Testament separate from the New, and as a consequence confusing how the testaments fit together. Witherington says:

Now what is so interesting about this whole hermeneutical approach is that it believes that one must do justice to the history if one is to do theology and ethics right. Christianity was a religion grounded and founded in history, and so theology proper was a reflection on God’s mighty acts in history which had a before and after to them. It was not an abstract science or philosophy where one took ideas and simply linked them together without them arising out of historical events and their substance. In the end, Chrysostom’s hermeneutic mirrors that of Paul and the author of Hebrews. It would be my view that we should go and do likewise.

Good stuff again from Mr. Witherington. Go read the whole article.

Listening to In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida

Those who know me will probably not be surprised that I listen to In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida fairly regularly. In fact, over the past 2 or 3 days, I’ve let it play a dozen or more times. Sometimes I rotate a number of Iron Butterfly cuts, but my all-time favorite has to be In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida. Now, I am aware that IAGDV has become somewhat of a rock joke due to it’s simple, repetitive bass/guitar riff and it’s utterly meaningless title. However, IAGDV shouldn’t be taken lightly.

There are, various myths about where the name came from, and I’m not sure anyone really knows the truth (perhaps not even the band members). My personal theory is that Doug Ingles, who mumbled everything anyway, was simply misunderstood as he sung what seems to have been the original lyrics, “In the garden of Venus.”

IAGDV is, of course, one of the rock classics. Released in 1968, the album on which the 17-minute song appeared (also named In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida) became the very first “platinum” album (the designation was actually created by the RIAA for this album). As far as I know, it was the first studio-recorded full-side rock song. It paved the way for other treats such as Rare Earth’s Get Ready and Uriah Heep’s Salisbury (other favorites of mine). Also, it is perhaps the only rock song that is identifiable by merely a measure or two of its drum solo.

Iron Butterfly itself should not be taken lightly. Poke fun, if you will, at the simplicity of IAGDV or at the guitar-string-scraping noises of Eric Brann (an inspiration to Tom Morello, no doubt), but these musicians were no slouches. Many of their songs were lyrically fairly sappy, flower-powerish things, but just listen to the complex bass lines of Flowers and Beads or Most Anything That You Want. Lee Dorman, the bassist, went on to form the prog-rock Captain Beyond with a later IB guitarist, Larry Reinhardt.

The 60′s and early 70′s were strange times musically; you had all kinds of experimentation going on (chemical and otherwise), and even the early “heavy metal” bands were hoping to get top-40 airplay. “Rock” was everything from folk and country to blues to jazz-inspired bands like Chicago, and it was all groovy. Rumor even has it that Neil Young once auditioned for IB lead guitarist (to be beat out by Erik Brann). Iron Butterfly, with its various lineups, explored a lot of new ground (especially 1970′s Metamorphasis with the extended cut Butterfly Bleu).

So what is so special about IAGDV? I really don’t know… perhaps to me it’s the musical equivalent of comfort food. When I listen to it, I am not reverting back to a 60′s mentality or reliving my teenage years (God forbid!), but I do find it comfortable and relaxing. And, at 17 minutes, I can trust that it’s not going to pull some major time or style change on me. When I click “play” (yeah, I listen to an mp3… my turntable belt snapped) I can be assured that “dunt dunt dadada dunt” will be there for 17 minutes (more, if it’s on “repeat”).

Hemant Mehta, the Friendly Atheist

I just finished reading Hemant Mehta’s book I Sold My Soul on eBay, thanks to my own friendly atheist, Mike (is that enough links for one sentence?). Overall, it’s a very good book, and I would strongly encourage any church leader or “friendly Christian” to read it.

For those of you who may not know of Mehta, he is a young former Jain turned atheist. A while ago he decided to put himself up for bid on eBay, agreeing to visit whatever church the highest bidder wanted him to attend. The winner was Jim Henderson, a former pastor and now head of Off the Map, a group dedicated to “doable evangelism” and making Christians more educated about the non-Christian world. Jim is known for inviting atheists off the street to talk at his conferences, and now for buying atheists off eBay.

Mehta sounds like an incredibly likable guy. He’s intelligent, witty, sensitive (that’s where the “friendly” comes in) and a reasonably good writer. I believe he’s now a math teacher (or that’s his goal), and I’m sure he’s a good one. Hemant visited a number of churches of varying sizes and shapes, and in a few different cities, to try to get a feel for what Christianity is all about. He has some very interesting observations, and also demonstrates several misconceptions people have about Christianity and “church.” Unfortunately, many Christians seem to share some of these misconceptions, which makes the book that much more relevant to Christians.

One his misconceptions is that a church worship service should be understandable to visitors. This is, of course, the “seeker-sensiitive” approach to church services that has become the rage in evangelicalism. Now, if this is a a particular church’s goal, it is certainly fair to judge how well they are doing in that area. However, for the majority of churches, the purpose of the Sunday morning service is to simply “be” the Church, joined in a corporate worship experience. Here, of course, it is fair for Hemant to comment on whether or not he had a clue what was going on, but this probably isn’t a fair basis to evaluate that church, such as suggesting that they don’t sing so many songs, or cut down on the standing, kneeling & sitting. He also suggests cutting down on “distracting” behaviors such as raising hands, and so on. This may be a distraction, but only if you are looking at the service as a performance; however, worship is in fact a group activity, and each group has their own cultural idiosyncrasies.

I have heard this analogy: Suppose a visitor from a very foreign country came to American and went to a baseball game. Certainly he wouldn’t expect that they would take the time to explain the rules so he could understand it, and probably wouldn’t complain that people kept standing and shouting, which of course can be very distracting. A visitor, knowing he is going somewhere he will not understand, should take the time to either go with someone who can “interpret” or spend a few minutes on wikipedia to familiarize himself with the game. Or, simply watch and ask questions later. Of course, baseball is not an evangelical activity; but, neither are most church services. The stated purpose is for the church to come together to focus on God. The liturgy, the songs, and whatever else they do has a meaning for the members, and it is not necessarily designed to act as an advertisement to the secular world. Christians, by the way, have the same problem if they visit a different church tradition, especially for those visiting a liturgical church for the first time. Often the first visit begins a discovery process into what is very much a whole new culture. Not that I’m finding fault with Hemant here, I’m just pointing out this misconception that many people have.

Another common misconception shown in the book is the definition of faith. It is presumed that faith is something apart from reason, when faith, in the Christian sense, is not unreasonable. If I have faith that a certain chair will hold my weight when I sit on it, it is not without reason; however, I do not test the weight-bearing capacity of every chair I sit in, but my experience tells me that the chances are very good that it will, so I put my faith in that chair. The Christian version of faith is not unlike this, although you will find Christians whose faith would fall more under the definition of superstition. However, this is not what the Bible talks about as faith.

It is also interesting that the author feels his minority status, even mentioning the lack of atheists on TV. This comment will be somewhat shocking to most any Christian, who sees TV populated with “unbelievers,” although they may not identified as atheists. And, unfortunately, the majority of Christians you see on the cable channels are very poor representations of Christianity. My beliefs are not typically represented at all.

Hemant does, however, make many good points in his observations of the various churches he visits. One that I particularly agreed with is the quality of the preaching found in many churches. Personally, I disagree that the sermon should be the focal point of the worship service. Basically, I tend to think that if you can’t make your point in 15 minutes, just give up. However, if someone is going to try to speak to me for 45 minutes, they’d better be interesting, informed, and have put some effort into the message. It shows a complete lack of respect for the congregation to bore them to death every week, just so the pastor can justify his salary. (Yes, it’s a pet peeve of mine.)

He also makes a good point about community outreach. Many churches seem to have an ulterior motive for whatever good works that they do. This, of course, comes from a goal of evangelism, but it turns out to be somewhat manipulative (what is sometimes called “Amway evangelism”). Jesus, of course, healed the sick with no strings attached, although he sometimes tossed in a little advice. Mehta’s point is made: if you really love people as you claim, help them. On the other hand, Mehta’s perspective is somewhat skewed as he presumes a material-only world; he does not take into consideration how the existence of Heaven (and Hell) will change some priorities.

Now, I am not pointing out these misconceptions to speak negatively about the book, just to point out that his comments need to be understood in both the context of what “church” is, as well as Mehta’s own point of view. If these are considered, it’s a very good, informative and enjoyable book. And, of course, one cannot invalidate Hemant’s impressions of the churches he visited; they are what they are, and I thank him for being willing to share these impressions. Besides pointing out issues with various church practices, the book also highlighted some of the misunderstood issues of Christianity, as I’ve pointed out.

Bottom line, I heartily recommend that you add this book to your reading list.

My letter to a Christian Nation 5: Hermeneutics and heretics

Dear Christian Nation,

One of the problems that we have, and why some atheists and other forms of non-believers find Christianity nuts, is that so many of us read the Bible in ways that allow us to make it say whatever we want. Thus, we have those committed to a life of poverty, and also those committed to material wealth; we have legalists and antinomians, liberal pacifists and fundamentalist war-mongers, and the list goes on. Many non-Christians don’t understand that when Pat Robertson proclaims a natural disaster as punishment from God, or when Oral Roberts sees a 900 foot Jesus, they aren’t speaking for the rest of us. This individualized, subjective (and dare I say postmodern?) reading of the Bible is, at the very least, setting a bad example for non-Christians who are trying to make sense out of what we believe (or are supposed to believe).

This is not to say that even with good hermeneutics (the art of interpreting ancient texts such as the Bible) we won’t have disagreements; however, I’m certain that we’d have significantly less disagreement over many important passages, with just a little dedication to truth. After all, aren’t we supposed to be dedicated to truth?

Ben Witherington has posted a brilliant piece called Hermeneutics– A Guide for Perplexed Bible Readers, that should be of interest to Christians and may also be of interest to non-Christians. It may also upset a number of Christians who insist on creating their own private reality.

Witherington first makes a good case (please pay attention to this) for why Christians should work a bit harder to try to understand the Bible correctly. The problem, however, is that many of us simply don’t want to hear this; actually treating truth as something worth working on interferes with our “making it up as we go” brand of reality. In other words, hermeneutics interferes with their heresy.

Witherington says:

But why would we need a guide to the perplexed in regard to the interpreting of the Bible? After all, don’t Christians have brains and the Holy Spirit to guide them? Well yes, but all modern brains are affected in the way they think by the modern cultural milieu in which they are immersed. They are affected as well by their whole educational progress (or regress) through school as well.

And frankly, ancient Biblical cultures, languages, and modes of conveying meaning are often so different from what modern ‘common sense’ may deduce that we do need some guidelines to help us interpret the Biblical texts which came out of very different cultures and circumstances from our own, ESPECIALLY if we are only trying to interpret the Bible on the basis of one or more English translations, none of which are perfect representations of the original language texts.

Witherington also gives three rudimentary rules of interpretation, with a brief explanation of each rule:

  1. What it meant is what it means
  2. Context is king
  3. Genre matters

Some may feel that these rules are meant to explain away some things, or to discredit some “pet” interpretations; however, these are simply rules for actually understanding what the Word of God actually means. Doesn’t this seem important? However, as sad as it is, there will be many who simply reject this approach as being “liberal,” or based on reason rather than “spirit.” These people will go on with their own version of reality based on subjective, individualized, out-of-context readings of the Bible, in effect taking the position that their own understanding is more authoritative than the Bible itself.

Sounds terribly postmodern, doesn’t it? Again, I’m not against different opinions on what a text means, and certainly not when it comes down to the application of a text’s meaning. However, if you’re going to simply pull meaning out of the air, why use the Bible at all?

There will be verse-mining and rumors of proof-texting. It’s unfortunate and apparently inevitable, especially when Christians reject “the good sense that God gave you.”

The Medieval Helpdesk

I can relate to this:

[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFAWR6hzZek]

Agreeing with Richard Dawkins

Very soon I will start posting my thoughts on Richard Dawkins’ book, The God Delusion, as I’ve been promising for some time. A couple of days ago I poked a bit of fun at him, just as a warm-up. Today, I’m talking about an episode of his TV show entitled The Enemies of Reason, which is available to view online. In this show, his topic is superstition. And, I found myself agreeing with him through much of it.

Superstition, as Dawkins explains it, is when people make irrational cause-and-effect connections between things. I don’t recall the exact example he used, so I’ll provide one: A black cat crosses in front of you, and the next thing you know you’re struck by lightning. Rather than making the connection that walking in a lightning storm is dangerous, you presume that it was the black cat’s fault. Dawkins finds superstition behind various New Age beliefs, astrology, and so on. His critique of superstition is right on point.

While he didn’t go into this on this particular show, I believe that superstitious beliefs are present in many Christians. While I can blow off superstition in general as idiotic, superstition in Christians drives me bonkers, and I would team up with Mr. Dawkins to expose it. As he explains that people in general have a tendency to draw cause-and-effect connections between things, it is normal, then, to expect that it is no different for Christians. Reason, which I believe is not an evolutionary trait as Dawkins does but is a gift from God) is to enable us to think through our life experiences and find truth rather than drifting into superstition.

However, superstition has been found to be very valuable to some in the organized religion business, especially if it can be tied to money. Tithing is one such teaching, where people are taught that if they don’t give at least 10% of everything to their local church, bad things will happen to them. (For more on this topic, read this.) I believe whole-heartedly in giving and generosity, and believe that God blesses those who are generous. However, God is not a machine, and tithing is not a simple formula. There are many other examples of superstition that exists in the Church, and they keep people from the real truth.

While I agreed with perhaps 90% of what Dawkins said, there are points that I do disagree with. For one, faith is not necessarily the same as superstition. Faith does not have to be irrational, or illogical. Another point on which we disagree is, as I mentioned earlier, the origin of reason. There are difficulties in a materialistic understanding of man’s ability to reason. Tied to the nature of reason is the question of the limits of reason: Dawkins puts way too much faith in man’s ability to figure things out and arrive at any notion of truth. If, as Dawkins believes, reason is an evolutionary development, the question then becomes “are we evolved enough to really grasp reality, or are we merely ants in comparison to the humans of the future?” How will we ever know? I’m sure my cat thinks he has things figured out, too.

On this topic, Tom Gilson writes an interesting post, dealing with the arguments from reason for the existence of God.

I am a fan of reason (with its limitations), and as I listened to Dawkins, I also realized that I am a skeptic by nature. I – believe it or not – actually look at some things the same way he does. As I flip through channels and see various TV preachers who I won’t name, I feel the same sort of revulsion and anger that I’m sure he does, as I see the cockeyed culture and manipulative teachings that have very little if anything to do with reality. I am angry because they tarnish what I hold as truth; coincidentally, that’s why Dawkins gets angry, too. The main difference, of course, is what we believe to be the truth. So, I guess I can at least understand some of Dawkins’ attitude.

Finding that I agree – a wee bit – with Richard Dawkins is an odd thing. I haven’t changed my opinions on his book, however, and I’ll hopefully get a chance to deal with that some next week.

and, speaking of irrefutability…

“My gut feeling, and it’s nothing more than that,” he says, “is that there’s a 20 percent chance we’re living in a computer simulation.”
- Nick Bostrom, another brilliant Oxford Prof.

Check out the NYT article. Bostrom’s “gut feeling” is that there’s a 20% chance we’re merely virtual. John Tierney, who authored the piece, thinks the chances are better than even. Well – doesn’t that change the odds of Pascal’s Wager.

Now, this isn’t a new thought, obviously. We’ve had movies like The Matrix and The Thirteenth Floor, and I’m sure the concept has been around since before then. Michael Ende explored similar subjects in The Neverending Story. What I want to know is, what are the odds that the guy who thinks he is running this simulation is actually himself in a computer simulation? And, what are the odds that his mother will make him shut down and go to bed? What are the chances that the simulation is running on Windows and it will blue screen?

Hmm… let’s see: Red pill, or blue pill?

Well, okay then…

I ran across an interesting post this morning that discusses Eugene V. Koonin’s recent article in Biology Direct entitled, “The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life.” (Catchy title…)

Rather than trying to figure out how RNA came to exist by our universe’s rules, he proposes a different set of rules, under a multiverse theory. It’s all rather interesting. More interesting, however, is the following quote from the post:

…last year Nature recognized that the multiverse hypothesis is unfalsifiable and “isn’t science.” Nature then affirmatively quoted anti-ID physicist Leonard Susskind stating, “It would be very foolish to throw away the right answer on the basis that it doesn’’t conform to some criteria for what is or isn’t science.”

Well, okay then…

The new focus on the New Perspective

The other day I posted about the so-called New Perspective on Paul. It seems the hubbub is partially due to the Presbyterian Church in America’s recent statement that the New Perspective is not in conformity with the Westminster Standards. Now, I’m sure that the Westminster Standards (the Westminster Confession of Faith, The Westminster Shorter Catechism, The Westminster Larger Catechism, and The Directory of Public Worship) are nifty documents. However, at the risk of offending a few people, I just want to remind everyone that they are not Holy Scripture. They’re just an outline of Reformed (Calvinist) theology.

I’ve come to understand a lot of things about the Church over the years. One thing I’ve never been able to understand is the kind of allegiance people have to Reformed doctrine. Seriously, it amazes me. It’s like you don’t really need the Bible anymore, because you’ve got a systematic theology.

Most people who are upset with the NP appear to be from Reformed camps. Apparently the NP upsets the fine balance of the Reformed theological system, which apparently is “irreducibly complex;” you remove one piece, and it crumbles. The argument against the New Perspective actually goes like this: If the Jews didn’t rely on the Law of Moses for salvation (justification), then Paul’s teaching of “grace, not Law” means something different, and we’ve lost the Gospel (way oversimplified, but you get the idea). Not having a Reformed bone in my body, I don’t have the same issues. I instead find that NT Wright’s version of the NP actually expands the understanding of justification, and I see the Gospel firmly in place.

Christianity Today has an article this month by Simon Gathercole titled What Did Paul Really Mean?, which is an interesting look at the issue. One major flaw in Gathercole’s article (my opinion, of course) is that he lumps all of the NP folks together, so that his criticisms are way too general to really be effective. However, it’s still an interesting piece for anyone who likes to actually study the Bible, rather than just rely on a theological system.

Great Songs of Paranoia

Sometimes late at night, rather than going to bed and getting some sleep like I know I should, I get sucked into one of those “Greatest Love Songs of the Sixties” infomercials, where someone like Davey Jones (“Hey, hey he’s a Monkee”) reminisces about all the great songs from his era. Some of them are actually quite enticing, that is, until they play a clip from “Sugar, Sugar” (The Archies, remember?) and you realize that you really hated many of the songs in the collection, and you’d simply hate to be reminded of how sappy you were as a kid.

Anyway, I’ve been thinking that I need to come up with my own collection, something that I haven’t seen anyone else put together. There are, of course, all kinds of collections: “Love Songs of [blank]” has to top the list, followed by era-based collections. There are heavy metal collections, dance-based collections, spiritual collections, and even collections of war songs. However, no one that I know of has ever put together what I am proposing: Great Songs of Paranoia.

I think that Great Songs of Paranoia would be a great success. These songs have been among my favorites through the years (I wonder what the Freudian inferences are of that?). Many of them are very fun, and would be the perfect gift for those conspiracy-theory nuts on your Christmas list.

Over the past few months I have been compiling a list of potential songs for the collection. There are more than I thought, probably enough for a couple of volumes:

  1. Paranoid – Black Sabbath (an obvious choice)
  2. Who Can it Be Now? – Men At Work
  3. Somebody’s Watching Me – Rockwell
  4. Renegade – Steppenwolf
  5. Enter Sandman – Metallica
  6. Don’t Pay the Ferryman – Chris De Burgh
  7. Silent Running – Mike & the Mechanics
  8. For What It’s Worth – Buffalo Springfield
  9. The Ballad of Dwight Frye – Alice Cooper
  10. Scream – Michael & Janet Jackson
  11. Welcome to the Machine – Pink Floyd
  12. Hotel California – The Eagles
  13. Epitaph – King Crimson
  14. Twilight Zone – Golden Earring
  15. Battle of Evermore – Led Zeppelin
  16. White Rabbit – Jefferson Airplane
  17. Season of the Witch – Vanilla Fudge (better than Donovan’s version)
  18. Eve of Destruction – Barry McGuire
  19. Freedom Rider – Traffic
  20. Come Away Melinda – Uriah Heep
  21. I Ran (So Far Away) – Flock of Seagulls
  22. Synchronicity II – The Police
  23. Life During Wartime – Talking Heads
  24. Voices Carry – Till Tuesday
  25. I Walk Alone – Green Day
  26. Hang On To Your Life – The Guess Who
  27. Lithium – Nirvana
  28. Don’t Fear the Reaper – Blue Oyster Cult

I’m sure there are plenty more. Feel free to suggest any that I’ve missed. I’m now considering a country collection entitled “Songs of Depression & Hopelessness.”